Common Names

Crvena kleka [Serbian], prickly juniper [English], zeder wacholder [German], cedre piquant [French], ginepro pungente [Italian] (Jovanoviæ 1986).

Taxonomic notes

There are four subspecies (per Farjon 2005):

• Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. badia (H. Gay) Bebeaux 1894
• Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. et Sm.) Ball 1878
• Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus
• Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. transtagana Franco 1963

Of these, subsp. badia, which has also been described as var. badia and as f. pendula, appears to have been described on the basis of a single tree and has not since been collected, although it has been reported in Portugal and central Spain. Subsp. macrocarpa is widespread on the E Mediterreanean and Black Sea coasts, while subsp. oxycedrus has a larger (but partially sympatric) range but in inland settings. Subsp. transtagana is questionably distinct from subsp. oxycedrus, confined to Portugal and SW Spain (Farjon 2005).

Description

Dioecious tree to 14 m, but usually a shrub of oval habit. Bark gray to brown-red. Needles in groups of three, sharp, up to 2 cm long; cross-section triangular; upper side with 2 distinct stomatal lines, lower side keeled. Fruit (cone) berry-like, red, spherical, about 10 mm in diameter; ripe in second year; usually with three seeds (Jovanoviæ 1986).

Range

Mediterranean, east to Iran and Caucasus mountains, at 0-1400 m elevation. Although characteristic of Mediterranean climates, it is also found deep into the continent (Europe, western Asia) (Jovanoviæ 1986). Among other places, it is native to Croatia. Var. transtagna occurs in SW Portugal (Silba 1986).

Big Tree

Oldest

Dendrochronology

Ethnobotany

Observations

Remarks

Arceuthobium oxycedri (Loranthaceae) is a (semiparasitic) mistletoe found only on this juniper species.

Citations

Jovanoviæ, Branislav. 1986. "Pinus mugo," in Flora Srbije. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

See Also

Farjon (2005) provides a detailed account, with illustrations.

Thanks to Milan Jovanovic for information and assistance contributed Feb-1999.