Common Names

Torrey, Soledad, lone or Del Mar pine (Peattie 1950).

Taxonomic notes

Two varieties (or, in some sources, subspecies), torreyana and insularis (Kral 1993).

The distribution is disjunct, with a population on the mainland (where the type was collected) and a slightly smaller population on Santa Rosa Island. Haller (1986) found differences in cone and seed shape and crown form, then describing the island population as a new subspecies, P. torreyana subsp. insularis Haller (syn. P. torreyana var. insularis (Haller) Silba (1990)).

An earlier report on resin composition (Zavarin et al. 1967), and two genetic studies (Ledig and Conkle 1983, Waters and Schaal 1991) show the differences between the mainland and island populations are minimal: "No variation is detected in the chloroplast genome of Pinus torreyana" (Waters and Schaal 1991). Isolation of the two populations may have only occurred in the last 8000 years (Waters and Schaal 1991), a short time in conifer evolution terms. Even the separation time of 180,000 years suggested by Ledig & Conkle (1983) is brief in comparison with the 30 million years separation between 'North Plateau' and 'Pacific' Ponderosa pines (here accepted as Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa and its subsp. benthamiana), calculated using the same methodology by Critchfield (1984). For this low level of differentiation, the rank of subspecies is not appropriate, with Silba's varietal combination being more suitable.

Description

Tree to 15(-23) m tall with a dbh of up to 100 cm, in nature mostly crooked and leaning, but tall and straight in planted stands and ornamentals; crown rounded to flattened or irregular. Bark red-brown to purple-red, deeply furrowed with irregular, elongate, flat, scaly ridges. Branches irregular, spreading-ascending, resembling a candelabra; twigs stout (1-2 cm thick), green, aging deep gray-brown, rough. Leaves mostly 5 per fascicle, ascending or spreading, persisting 3-4 years, (15-)20-30(-33) cm × 2 mm, straight or curved, slightly twisted, dark green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins serrulate, apex abruptly acute; sheath to 2 cm, shed early, base persistent. Buds conic-ovoid, pale brown, to 2.5 cm; scale margins white-fringed. Leaves clustered near branch tips, giving a tufted appearance. Cones lateral, massive, heavy, symmetric, ovoid before opening, broadly ovoid when open, 10-15 cm long, yellow- to red-brown, lustrous, on peducles up to 4 cm long; maturing in 3 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter, persisting to 5 years. Cone scales with thick apophyses, angulately dome-shaped, with 5 low convergent keels; umbo central, forming a short, curved-tipped pyramid. Pollen cones ovoid, 20-30 mm, yellow. Seeds narrowly obovoid; body 16-24 mm, brown, apically dark brown; wing broad, oblique-tipped, to 15 mm long. Wood soft, coarse-grained (Elias 1987, Kral 1993).

Range

USA: California: the coast at Del Mar in San Diego County, and the E end of Santa Rosa Island (Peattie 1950). See also Thompson et al. (1999).

Big Tree

See var. torreyana.

Oldest

Dendrochronology

Ethnobotany

"A family of the Kumenay Indians of California who owned a grove of P. torreyana managed it by burning it regularly and planting seeds to expand it (Shipek 1989)" (Richardson 1998 [Chapter 1, table 1.2]) - possibly the earliest record of deliberate planting of any conifer in the New World. USDA hardiness zone 9.

Observations

See the variety descriptions.

Remarks

Although P. torreyana is now a local endemic, "its distribution in Oligocene and Miocene (or at least that of its near ancestor) extended north to Oregon. Its harsh natural habitat elicits an unusually contorted and often sparse form, quite unlike the cleaner and taller form the species takes in cultivation.

"In terms of numbers of individuals in the wild, as well as the small area occupied by natural populations, Pinus torreyana is without a doubt the rarest North American pine. As such it is under protection. Artificial crosses between it and another, more widespread Tertiary relic, P. sabiniana, have been successful" (Kral 1993).

The species is being evaluated as a potentially valuable timber tree in Australia and New Zealand, where it can grow faster than P. radiata on poor sites, notably on heavy clay and shale. Growth to 20 m in 20 years is recorded in New Zealand. Seed procurement is the major barrier to increased usage. (Spencer 1991).

Citations

Haller, J.R. 1986. Taxonomy and relationships of the mainland and island populations of Pinus torreyana. Systematic Botany 11: 39-50.

Ledig, F.T. and M.T. Conkle 1983. Gene diversity and genetic structure in a narrow endemic, Torrey pine. Evolution 37: 79-85.

Silba, J. 1990. A supplement to the international census of the coniferae 2. Phytologia 68: 7-78.

Spencer, D. 1991. Torrey pine: an example of how the appearance of a species in its natural habitat can be deceptive. Newsletter Conif. Soc. Austral. 9: 10.

Waters, E.R. and B.A. Schaal 1991. No variation is detected in the chloroplast genome of Pinus torreyana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1832-1835.

Zavarin, E., W. Hathaway, T. Reichert & Y.B. Linhart. 1967. Chemotaxonomic study of Pinus torreyana turpentine. Phytochemistry 6: 1019-1023.

See also:

Veirs, Stephen D., Jr. 1995. Torrey Pine. In Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. USGS electronic publication. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/ca164.htm, accessed 21-Feb-2001.

FEIS database.

This page co-edited with M.P. Frankis, Mar-1999.